Allantoin is a compound found naturally in most organisms. It has properties that have been shown to help strengthen the skin and regenerate new cells to help with the healing process and smoothing of scars. This ingredient is most commonly used in anti-aging creams, scar creams and moisturizers. Allantoin also helps to calm reactive skin that is easily irritated by other products.

Almond Oil provides high levels of Oleic Acid and is extremely rich in nutrients such as Vitamin A, Vitamin E, Omega Fatty Acids, and Zinc. Each nutrient has a specific function that is beneficial to maintain a healthy skin appearance. It is known to improve skin tone, reverse sun damage and reduce the appearance of scars. Almond oil is both a moisturizer that provides hydration and acts as an emollient that helps to visibly smooth the skin.

It is a polysaccharide-rich gel extracted from the desert succulent leaf of the aloe plant. Aloe vera gel provides multiple benefits because of its moisturizing, wound healing and, anti-inflammatory properties. It is known to help soothe skin concerns such as psoriasis, sunburns and can be used on cuts and burns. In addition, aloe vera contains antioxidants and other nutrients, which help stimulate collagen and elastin production – improving the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles, and stretch marks.

Arbutin is a molecule extracted from the bearberry plant that prevents the formation of melanin. It functions by inhibiting tyrosinase to provide skin lightening and brightening effects. Alpha arbutin is A natural skin lightening agent which inhibits the production of melanin in the skin. It is generally safe for all skin types and is effective at fading hyperpigmentation and improving uneven skin complexion.

Alpha Lipoic Acid, also known as ALA is an antioxidant that naturally occurs in the body. It serves vital functions at a cellular level, such as energy production. ALA has been found to raise the levels of other antioxidants, which help protect against oxidative damage to the skin. Apart from protecting your skin against cell damage, it is known to slow down the aging process and decrease inflammation. It is also a natural exfoliant, which is very near to AHA in its formation and function such as minimizing the appearance of pores and clearing up breakouts.

Antioxidants function by reversing and preventing oxidative damage to the skin by protecting it from environmental factors caused by free radicals such as the sun or pollution. Oxidative damage breaks down collagen hinders the skin’s natural repair process, and triggers inflammation – and these often result in fine lines, wrinkles, loose skin, and a blotchy skin tone. By protecting the skin against free radicals, antioxidants help to prevent and correct visible signs of aging and give the skin a more youthful glow. Let’s have a closer look at some of the most popular antioxidants found in your skin care products: Vitamin C – A favorite as it is a free radical scavenger. Vitamin C has multiple benefits such as boosting collagen production, reducing visible signs of aging, and fading dark spots. Best used in the morning as it has the ability to prevent sun damage and inhibit pigmentation. Remember to ALWAYS apply sunscreen when using Vitamin C. Vitamin B3 – It is a powerful antioxidant that improves the skin’s tone and texture, reduces hyperpigmentation, and has anti-inflammatory properties making it an ideal ingredient for sensitive skin types and those who have skin conditions such as rosacea and acne. Vitamin E – It is one of those important antioxidants for proper function of many body organs, including the skin. It is well known for its ability to accelerate the skin’s healing process, which is why it is commonly found in products that are used to treat stretch marks and scarring. Retinol (Vitamin A) – A derivative of vitamin A, retinol has been proven that it has the ability to penetrate the skin deep enough to stimulate collagen production and accelerate cell renewal and repair.

Arbutin is a compound made from the extracts of bearberry, licorice, cranberry, or blueberry plants. Often used as a safer alternative to hydroquinone. Arbutin works to fade dark spots and brighten the skin by diminishing the production of melanin, which is responsible for giving you the pigment in your skin color. Arbutin also has antioxidant properties that can protect the skin from free radical damage.

Extracted from the nut of the Argan tree which grows in Morocco, this oil is high in oleic and linoleic acid and rich in vitamin E, Due to all these rich components, argan oil is an excellent moisturizer and antioxidant with anti-inflammatory properties. It is an all-natural skin healer that locks in hydration, plumps fine lines and wrinkles, fights free radical damage. Argan oil is non-comedogenic, so it won’t clog the pores, it also helps to reduce redness, leaving the skin soft and supple.

A plant-derived skincare ingredient found in the leaves and seeds of the Psoralea Corylifolia plant. It is a potent antioxidant that helps to fight signs of aging, and visibly reduces skin discolorations that is a result from environmental exposure. Bakuchiol is also known to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles and has a soothing effect on the skin, which helps to comfort skin and minimize issues associated with sensitive, reactive skins and even acne-prone skins because of its calming properties.

Bentonite clay is a natural clay made from volcanic ash that contains a multitude of minerals, including iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium, silica, sodium, and more. It is known for its absorbent qualities and is often used in masks and other skincare products designed to reduce excess oil, reduce the appearance of pores and exfoliate dead skin cells. Bentonite clay is a great ingredient for oil, acne-prone skins as it helps to mattify the skin, controls oil, and helps to reduce the appearance of enlarged pores. It also helps to reduce the look of scars and is ideal for treating blemishes, but also works to minimize skin conditions like eczema, dermatitis, and psoriasis.

Benzoyl peroxide is a white powder that acts as a drying and antibiotic ingredient. When benzoyl peroxide is applied to the skin, it helps to remove excess moisture, oil, and other compounds that cause the buildup of bacteria. It is commonly used in the treatment of acne by penetrating deep into the pores, flooding it with fresh oxygen that helps to kill acne-causing bacteria. Not only does benzoyl peroxide fight acne-causing bacteria, but it also helps to exfoliate old skin cells and excess oil out of pores. Additionally, it has anti-inflammatory properties that help to soothe redness and swelling which usually accompanies acne-prone skin.

Beta hydroxy acids are an oil-soluble chemical exfoliator, well-known for their ability to penetrate into the pores, helping to rid it of dirt, oil, and acne-causing bacteria. It has anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, which help to calm down redness and irritation, making it an ideal ingredient for those who have oily or acne-prone skin and should be used with caution on sensitive skin types. The most common BHA include: Salicylic Acid

Also known as vitamin B7 and vitamin H, biotin is a water-soluble vitamin produced by the body and found in certain foods. It helps the body to break down and process fats and proteins. Biotin is known to improve the overall health of the skin, nails, and hair by effectively helping it to become stronger as well as to promote growth.

A botanical oil extracted from the seeds of Ricinus communis. Castor oil is an emollient, meaning it traps moisture into the skin to minimize dryness and boost hydration within the skin. Castor oil is rich in fatty acids and antioxidants and may have a slightly sticky feel on the skin. It also enhances the absorption of other active ingredients into the skin’s layer, where it’ll work more efficiently.

Ceramides are lipids (fatty acids) that are found naturally in the uppermost layers of the skin that support the skin's barrier function by forming a protective layer that limits moisture loss and protects the skin against visible damage caused by pollution and other environmental stressors. Skincare products containing ceramide will help to reinforce the skin’s barrier protecting it from external irritants and helping with inflammatory skin conditions like eczema, rosacea, acne, and psoriasis.

Chamomile is considered a medicinal herb that is rich in flavonoids, alpha-bisabolol, blue chamazulene, farnesene, and polyenes, giving it anti-inflammatory, anti-erythema, and anti-pruritic properties, which can calm and accelerate healing of damaged skin cells. The extracted oil of the chamomile plant is bisabolol, which is high in panthenol that stimulates cell turnover. Chamomile works to soothe the skin, helping to treat eczema and other dry skin conditions.

Chemical sunscreen ingredients penetrate the top layers of the skin to absorb damaging UV rays before they can harm your skin. Depending on the formulation, chemical sunscreens may be easier to rub into the skin and are less likely to leave a white cast and should also be applied 15 minutes before sun exposure to effectively protect your skin from UV rays.

Citric acid is an alpha hydroxy acid naturally found in citrus fruits such as lemons and limes. In skincare, citric acid is often used in products designed to exfoliate dead skin cells and support cell turnover, helping improve the appearance of photoaged skin and restore skin elasticity. It is also a good source of antioxidants.

Coconut oil is rich in vitamin E, proteins, and lauric acid – which is known for its antimicrobial, moisturizing properties. This helps to strengthen the skin’s protective barrier and improve moisture retention healing dry, irritated skin conditions such as eczema. Coconut oil is packed with antioxidants and has many benefits when used on the skin, including helping to minimize the signs of aging, moisturizing, reducing temporary redness, smoothing skin’s texture, and repairing damaged skin and hair. One key factor to know about coconut oil when using it for the face is that it’s considered comedogenic, meaning it can potentially clog pores for those with combination or oily skin.

Coenzyme Q10, more familiarly known as CoQ10 is a naturally produced bodily enzyme and one of the most fundamental anti-oxidants, helping to protect cells from free radical damage and generate energy in your cells. Its benefits include but are not limited to, reducing sun damage, improving skin hydration and evening out skin tone. CoQ10 works to block tyrosinase, which helps with the production of melanin, helping to fade and prevent dark spots. As we mature, aging and stress slows down its production and our supply decreases, but luckily there are alternative sources in the forms of serums, moisturizers and under eye creams that we can use to keep our skin looking youthful.

Collagen is the most abundant protein in the body and is present in the skin, tendons, cartilage, linings of the bones, and blood vessels. It helps the body maintain its shape by supporting and connecting tissues and internal organs while retaining the skin’s elasticity and hydration. Collagen is responsible for keeping the skin firm, supple and smooth but as we age, our collagen production decreases, speeding up the aging process. The great news is that collagen can be consumed orally and applied topically by adding collagen-rich products to our skincare resulting in an overall youthful skin appearance.

Copper peptides are naturally existing in human tissues, and functions by helping the production of collagen and elastin fibers, therefore slowing the aging process and protecting the skin from early signs of aging. Over time, copper peptides begin to deplete but when used in skin care it induces a skin-tightening effect that helps to improve skin firmness and elasticity. And added benefit of copper peptides is that it provides antioxidant protection, neutralizing free-radicals and reducing visible signs of photodamage and aging, because of its ability to stimulate rapid production of collagen and fibroblasts. It visibly firms the skin, resulting in a youthful skin appearance.

A man-made silicone-based ingredient that is used in many skincare products as a stabilizer, designed to form a silky, smooth texture for easy spreadability. Dimethicone functions by forming an occlusive barrier on the skin, securing moisture while keeping out environmental stresses such as humidity, without clogging the pores. In addition, it fills in the pores and smooths blemishes. Dimethicone is non-comedogenic and non-acnegenic and is commonly used in oil-free formulations to give long-lasting moisturization without clogging the pores.

Dimethylaminoethanol is an active ingredient that helps to improve skin elasticity and decrease inflammation, delaying the aging process. Using products with DMAE is ideal for mature skin types, who have visible signs of aging. It also helps to hydrate and even out skin tone.

Essential oils are botanical compounds that have been around for centuries and are used in many cultures for medicinal purposes, cooking, perfumes, and cosmetics. Recently, they have been gaining popularity for their healing and calming effects when used for aromatherapy. Just like many people, if you struggle with insomnia, you might want to consider adding essential oils to your nighttime routine. Some of the best essential oils used for sleep and relaxation are Lavender, Chamomile, and Valerian oils.

Ferulic acid is a natural plant-based, powerful antioxidant that comes from the seeds of apples and oranges. It has excellent skin penetration properties, that help slow the aging process by simultaneously protecting the skin from free radicals, correcting existing damage, and brighten dull uneven skins. This ingredient is one of the most potent antioxidants as it enhances the stability of other antioxidants such as vitamin C and E.

As a powerful humectant, glycerin attracts water to the skin helping it retain its moisture levels, promotes healing, reducing irritation, and provides protective qualities by restoring the skin’s barrier function promoting skin health. The humectants properties in glycerin help to lock in moisture, keeping the skin soft and hydrated. Oily, acne-prone skin will benefit greatly from the skin-soothing properties of glycerin.

A derivative of sugarcane, glycolic acid is an AHA that forms a part of naturally occurring acids that are found in foods. Glycolic acid has the smallest molecular size of all the AHAs, allowing it to easily penetrate the skin. When using glycolic acid, it increases the skins sensitivity to UV rays, which is why it is of utmost importance to always wear sunscreen. Often found in in skin peeling products due to its exfoliative properties, making it an ideal ingredient as it works on cell turnover and stimulates collagen production for a younger, brighter and healthier skin.

The grape seed extract is rich in linoleic acid and an excellent source of vitamins C and E, as well as antioxidants are known as flavonoids, all of which improve skin texture and reduce the signs of aging. It is a lightweight oil that’s non-comedogenic, making it suitable for most skin types including sensitive and acne-prone skins. A grape seed extract has the ability to release endothelial growth factors and its topical application results in contraction and closure of the skin wound. In addition, it exerts antioxidant and antibacterial actions, making it a great ingredient to promote wound healing.

Green tea extract is a powerful antioxidant, which helps to neutralize free radicals. It also has excellent antibacterial and anti-inflammatory benefits, which help to reduce inflammation associated with acne, rosacea, psoriasis and is tolerated well by sensitive skin types. Aside from its anti-aging benefits, it is also commonly found in many eye cream treatments because of its vitamin K, which helps to brighten dark circles.

Hazelnut oil is loaded with skin-nourishing vitamins and essential fatty acids that help protect the skin against sun damage, boost collagen production making it a key component in anti-aging. Along with reducing the appearance of wrinkles, it also reduces the appearance of scars and dark spots. Hazelnut oil is a naturally alcohol-free astringent that helps to remove acne-causing bacteria without drying out your skin, making it ideal for sensitive skins that are prone to acne breakouts.

Hyaluronic acid is a hydrophilic (water-loving) molecule that has the ability to draw moisture right out of the air and hold up to 1000 times its weight in water and retain it in your skin. It is naturally present in our skin but as we age, the body’s production slows. This ingredient is famously known for its hydrating properties and is, therefore, a common ingredient used in products that are designed to combat dryness and improve skin texture and elasticity.

Hydroquinone is a white, granular compound that is very effective, when used in addition to broad-spectrum sunscreen, to lightening the skin or fading dark spots. It works by inhibiting the enzyme tyrosinase, which helps to produce melanin - the pigment that gives skin its color. It is one of the most researched lightening agents, but can cause severe irritation and hyperpigmentation if not used correctly. For this reason, it’s best to avoid ingredients like hydroquinone, unless prescribed by a board-certified dermatologist. It is also not recommended to use hydroquinone during pregnancy as it may have a direct impact on the unborn child.

Iron oxide is a skin-coloring mineral, that is derived from naturally occurring mineral deposits. There are red iron oxides, yellow iron oxides, and black iron oxides, which can be blended to color foundations, concealers, face powders, lipsticks, and eye shadows. It is also used to add the ‘tint’ to tinted sunscreen formulas. Sunscreens formulated with iron oxides, especially when combined with zinc oxide and titanium dioxide, offer enhanced protection against blue light. Iron oxides are considered to be well-tolerated by most skin types and is known for being a non-irritant on the skin, rendering it safe to use for sensitive skin types. The multifaceted iron oxide is resistant to moisture, which enhances the longevity of a product. It is safe and gentle when used on the skin. It also protects the under-eye skin against continuous exposure to blue light, while combating signs of aging by reducing the formation of wrinkles and fine lines and maintaining the health of the skin.

Jojoba oil is a lightweight yet rich source of fatty acids and antioxidants, offering various skin benefits such as hydration, repairing damage and soothing skin irritation. Rich in Vitamin E, a strong antioxidant, it helps to reduce inflammation and speed up cell regeneration, making jojoba oil a great treatment for sunburn.

Keratin is an insoluble protein that is found in large amounts in the body and is responsible for building strength and adding structure to our skin, hair, and nails. It is a well-known ingredient that is more often found in hair care products to repair damaged, overprocessed hair and in nail treatments that strengthen weakened nails.

Kojic acid is derived from the fermentation process of turning rice into sake and is often used in skincare as a skin-lightening ingredient. This ingredient lightens skin by preventing the production of melanin – the pigment that gives skin color, making it an ideal ingredient for those who suffer from melasma, age spots, and other pigmentation issues.

L-Ascorbic acid is a potent form of vitamin C that functions as an antioxidant to neutralize free radicals from the sun and pollution. Topical vitamin C can help to reduce visible signs of pigmentation while evening out and brightening skin. It has the added benefit of slowing down the aging process by stimulation collagen production and protecting the skin against environmental damage.

It is a water soluble alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) derived from a variety of sources. A popular ingredient used in exfoliating cleansers, creams and peels, which works by gently exfoliating the material that holds onto old skin cells, to reveal healthier-looking skin. Lactic acid has skin-conditioning benefits and has the ability to enhance hydration, while gently exfoliating the skin, and improving skin tone and texture, as well as reducing the appearance of dark spots. This ingredient is often found in products that contain a mixture of AHAs including glycolic and maleic acid. While it is important to wear sunscreen daily, it is even more important to wear it when using AHAs, as the skin will tend to be a slightly sensitive and as a means to prevent sun damage.

A fragrant plant with antibacterial and antiseptic properties, traditionally used for its healing and calming effects on the skin. It also has anti-inflammatory properties, making it ideal to alleviate acne, eczema dermatitis, and psoriasis.

Macadamia nut oil is an excellent source of vitamin E, making it easy for the skin to absorb without feeling greasy. It is known to nourish the skin; help combat dry skin and lock in moisture. It has the ability to mimic your skin's natural oils, allowing you to maintain your natural glow.

A variant of the alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) class and a natural substance found in fruits, vegetables, and the human body. Malic acid works to boost the immune system, improve oral health and balance internal pH levels. Known for a multitude of skin benefits, malic acid is often found in toners, exfoliants, and masks to remove dead skin cells to improve the skin’s texture, brighten and reduce the appearance of large pores. It may also boost collagen production with long-term use to help reduce fine lines and wrinkles, making it a popular ingredient in eye creams and other anti-aging products.

Mandelic acid is a highly effective, multitasking acid that is great for tackling a variety of skin concerns. As an alpha hydroxy acid, it helps buff away dead skin cells and boosts cell turnover. Its antimicrobial properties also make it a popular ingredient among products that fight acne and control excess oil. Mandelic acid’s larger molecular structure limits skin penetration, making it gentler than glycolic and lactic acids and ideal for sensitive skin.

Niacinamide is an active form of Vitamin B3, a water-soluble vitamin that works with the natural substances in your skin to help visibly minimize enlarged pores, improve uneven skin tone, soften fine lines and wrinkles, diminish dullness, and strengthen a weakened surface. It is a stable ingredient not affected by light, damp surroundings, or oxidation. Niacinamide also reduces the impact of environmental damage because of its ability to improve the skin’s barrier, which is the first line of defense, so it helps to reduce the skin's sensitivity to certain irritants. It plays a role in helping skin to repair signs of past damage. Left unchecked, this type of daily assault makes skin appear older, dull, and less radiant. Niacinamide may also have an effect on acne-prone skin due to its anti-inflammatory properties. In addition to its anti-aging and anti-inflammatory properties, niacinamide also has an effect on sun damage and hyperpigmentation.

Olive oil is a liquid fat obtained from olives, a traditional tree crop of the Mediterranean Basin, with a long history of being used as a home remedy for skincare. Aside from its natural anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties, olive oil is rich in polyphenols, squalene, and vitamins A, E—all good for the skin and hair. Suitable for all skin types, olive oil wards off free radicals and other environmental aggressors to maintain a more youthful appearance.

Omega-3 fatty acids are a class of essential fatty acids – fats that your body cannot make, but we must get it from food sources. It is an essential nutrient that has multiple benefits such as regulate the skin’s oil production, improve hydration and minimize signs of aging.

Also known as pantothenic is a form of vitamin B5, that is used in skincare products as a humectant because of its ability to attract and hold moisture. When applied to the skin, it converts to pantothenic acid pulling water in the cells to retain moisture deep in the skin’s tissues. It helps to relieve dryness, irritation, and sunburn.

Peptides, which could be both naturally occurring or synthetically made, are the master builders for your skin. They work by communicating specific actions to cells—like telling your skin it was damaged and signaling the production of new collagen. By doing this, peptides can rejuvenate signs of aging, reduce hyperpigmentation, and repair skin damaged by injury or the sun.

PHA are chemical exfoliants that have larger molecules than AHA and BHA but work similarly by exfoliating dead skin cells on the surface, resulting in a more even skin tone and texture. They also help skincare ingredients penetrate deeper into the layers of the skin, boosting their efficiency.

Physical sunscreens consist of ingredients that form a barrier on the surface of the skin that helps reflect UV rays away from the skin. These physical sunscreen filters are ideal for both daily and prolonged, intense sun exposure because of their broad-spectrum protection against both UVA and UVB rays. Physical sunscreens primarily protect skin by absorbing UV rays into the skin and then turning them into heat, absorbing 95% of rays and reflecting back 5% of UV rays. Physical sunscreen filters include: • Zinc Oxide • Titanium Dioxide

Is a natural, plant-based acid is found in grain and fruit seeds. Phytic acid has exfoliation benefits, and it works by chelating iron, calcium and copper, inhibiting the production of melanin production all while being one of the gentlest of all acids. Suitable for sensitive and rosacea-prone skin, phytic acid works to clear away dead skin cells to reveal fresher looking skin.

Probiotics contain the ‘good’ bacteria our body naturally needs. It has a vast number of benefits when applied topically to the skin, such as reducing the threat of infection and reinforce the skin’s natural defenses against bad bacteria, pollution, and free radical damage. This ingredient is ideal for sensitive skin types, as it is known to calm and soothe inflammation, as well as for skin conditions like rosacea and acne.

Propolis is a resin-like substance, which is a combination of tree sap and beeswax made by bees to fill in honeycomb crevices for protection. It is used to treat a variety of skin conditions but works specifically well on acne-prone skin as it is antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and has an antioxidant effect.

Quercetin is a rich green powder that originates from plant pigments and flavonoids found naturally in fruits, vegetables, and plants, such as berries, broccoli, green tea leaf, and moringa leaf. It can be consumed orally as a supplement and applied topically through skincare products, such as moisturizers, toners, masks, or serums for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It is known to reduce the harmful effects of UV radiation, fights free radicals, and calm inflammation. It functions as an antioxidant, skin-soothing agent, and restorative ingredient. Quercetin is present in herbal ingredients, including St. John’s wort and ginkgo Biloba.

Quinoa is a gluten-free grain plant highly rich in bioactive such as vitamins, minerals, proteins, and carbohydrates. Due to increasing demand for natural cosmeceuticals, quinoa is now added in modern cosmetic formulations, to provide the skin with many benefits. It offers skin conditioning effects, boosts collagen, emolliency, and seals essential moisture. Due to the presence of vitamins, it will also improve complexion, suppressing skin pigmentation and providing anti-aging, anti-wrinkle, and antioxidant benefits. Quinoa extract visibly reduces puffiness and the swollen appearance of the eye area by activating lipolysis, which is the breakdown of lipids and stimulating the synthesis of collagen. Quinoa extract maintains the structural integrity of the skin which tends to sag with age. Therefore, this ingredient helps to maintain a more youthful appearance in the eye area.

Resveratrol is produced by plants and has been shown to have potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, making it an excellent ingredient to protect, boost and strengthen the skin. Resveratrol is great anti-aging benefits. By fighting free radicals, inflammation and boosting the skin’s overall defense, resveratrol also protects the skin against UV light, environmental aggressors and bacteria.

Retinaldehyde, which often appears as retinal on skincare labels, is a stabilized form of Vitamin A that slowly converts to retinoic acid in the skin. It is a gentler version in the retinoic family. Like retinol, retinaldehyde rejuvenates the skin and improves its cellular-turnover rate, but in a less-irritating formulation. The conversion process within the skin allows retinaldehyde to work on a cellular level. Skin that's more prone to sensitivity can be more tolerant of retinaldehyde skincare products. It is known to repair connective tissue in the skin, boost collagen synthesis for anti-aging benefits, and increases elasticity. It also balances sebaceous oil production, thus shrinking the skin's pores to prevent them from getting clogged and inflamed.

Retinoids are made from vitamin A derivatives. They work by neutralizing free radicals in the skin that may be causing collagen damage. Collagen is essential to strong, youthful-looking skin. As you age, your body begins to produce less collagen and elastin. Your body also begins to break down your collagen, elastin, and fat stores. This can contribute to thin and sagging skin, fine lines, and wrinkles. In addition to preserving your collagen stores, retinoids can also promote new collagen production. It works by speeding cell turnover, stimulating collagen production, which may help to reduce the appearance of existing wrinkles and help prevent new ones from forming. Daily use of retinoids will also improve skin texture, hydration levels, skin tone, age spots, overall pigmentation. For retinoids to work, you must use them on a continuous basis. You may also need to switch products over time. These are the main types of retinoids: • Adapalene • Retinol • Retinaldehyde • Retinyl palmitate • Tazarotene • Tretinoin

A precursor to vitamin A, retinol is fast becoming one of the top ingredients to reduce visible signs of aging. Aside from speeding up cellular renewal to improve skin tone and texture, it also provides a rich source of antioxidants the fight off free radical damage and boosts collagen production. Making it one of the most potent ingredients for anti-aging.

Retinyl palmitate also known as vitamin A palmitate is the ester of retinol and palmitic acid. Retinyl palmitate is a synthetic alternative for retinyl acetate, which is a natural form of vitamin A. Gentler retinoids like synthetic retinyl palmitate are effective with fewer side effects, just at a slower rate. Retinyl Palmitate boosts collagen production in the skin, minimizes fine lines and wrinkles, and smooth It is an antioxidant that encourages the growth of new skin cells, enhances the overall appearance of dry or damaged skin by reducing flaking and restoring suppleness, and improving skin texture.

Rosehip oil is harvested from the seeds of rose bushes, cold-pressed or slow cooked into liquid form. It boasts vitamins A and C, antioxidants and essential fatty acids. Prized for its healing benefits, rosehip oil has been used to repair and soothe skin for centuries. It works to brighten, evens out the skin, regenerates and heals, and helps with anti-aging, elasticity, and collagen production. Lightweight and easily absorbed, rosehip oil helps lock in hydration and reduce inflammation.

The most common beta hydroxy acid, salicylic acid is naturally sourced from willow bark. It works by neutralizing acne-causing bacteria, by penetrating deep into pores to dissolve stubborn dirt and oils, cleansing and decongesting pores. It also works by accelerating cell turnover, speeding up the skin’s healing process. It is more often than not found in products that are formulated for acne, psoriasis, and rosacea. Take caution if: You’re pregnant, have extremely dry skin or taking certain medications as salicylic acid may interact with medication.

Shea butter naturally contains beneficial compounds like tocopherol, otherwise known as vitamin E, and catechins, which act as antioxidants. It is also rich in vitamins A and F, which have pro-aging and moisturizing properties, as well as oleic, stearic, linoleic, and palmitic acids. These are excellent for the skin's barrier and allow the butter to meld seamlessly with the natural oils on your skin to soothe dryness, promote collagen production, and hydrate skin. It also has anti-inflammatory and healing properties.

Silicone is a synthetic polymer made up of silicon, oxygen, and other elements, such as carbon and hydrogen. Silicone’s main function is to form an occlusive layer, which means it forms a protective barrier for the skin, it also has the ability to aid in wound healing because of the barrier they create. Silicones are able to shield wounds from infection, but at the same time, the barrier is breathable. Silicone’s occlusive and emollient properties help to fill in fine lines and make skin appear smoother, which is why it is often the star ingredient in makeup primers. You will also find silicone in BB creams, foundations, and other cream-based cosmetics. While the barrier silicone creates can lock in moisture into the skin’s surface, the ingredient doesn’t actually moisturize your skin.

Squalane is a highly refined botanical lipid that is stable against heat and oxidation, with an imperceptible odor and clear color. It has a molecular structure that is very similar to skin lipids. With a natural affinity to skin, this lightweight lipid absorbs easily without leaving a greasy residue. An effective emollient, squalane has been traditionally used to help protect skin’s barrier and seal in moisture for softer, smoother skin. It has a thick consistency, making it ideal for dry and mature skin types. An added benefit is that it increases product absorption of other ingredients, enhancing the overall health and quality of the skin’s appearance.

Sunflower oil is an excellent emollient that is rich in essential fatty acids and is deeply nourishing for the skin. The sunflower seed oil contains a high concentration of linoleic acid. This property makes sunflower oil a suitable ingredient in skin products due to the positive benefits of linoleic acid. Linoleic acid, being the dominant fatty acid in sunflower oil can improve skin barrier function, regulate keratinocyte proliferation and accelerate skin barrier repair. It is also a non-comedogenic carrier oil that is easily absorbed and won't clog pores. It is non-irritating and can be used on all skin types, including dry, oily, and acne-prone.

Tamanu oil is an emollient that is extracted from the seeds of the tamanu nut tree. It contains moisturizing omega fatty acids and antioxidants, tamanu oil is well known to promote new, healthy cell growth. Tamanu oil also has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antimicrobial properties, which provide wound-healing benefits for the skin. It is often used as a skin care ingredient for anti-aging and wound healing. It helps to smooth and softens the skin, neutralizes free radicals, can help fight certain types of bacteria and fungi, soothes eczema patches, and heals wounds and minor burns and sun burn.

Tazarotene belongs to the retinoid group, which is a derivative of vitamin A. It is used to reduce facial wrinkling and discoloration, as well as acne and psoriasis by slowing skin cell overgrowth and decreasing skin cell inflammation, which can lead to acne or psoriasis. It works to reduce facial wrinkles and discoloration by causing an increase in the thickness of the outer skin layers.

Tea tree oil has natural antibiotic and anti-fungal properties, that help to relieve excessive oiliness, making it an ideal ingredient for problematic skin types. Known for its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, tea tree oil is a popular choice for treating acne. It’s thought to calm redness and inflammation as well, making it a great ingredient for acne-prone skin.

Titanium oxide is a white, naturally occurring solid best known for its protective properties against sun damage. It is a leading ingredient in sunscreens against primarily UVB rays. Titanium dioxide is known as an active ingredient in physical sunscreens. It works as a UV filtering ingredient by reflecting and blocking the absorption of the sun’s UV rays that can cause skin damage.

Tretinoin is also known as retinoic acid. It’s the generic name for synthetic vitamin A. It’s sold under many different brand names and Retin-A is one of those brand names, which shouldn’t be confused with retinol. It is a prescription-strength topical cream or gel. It’s used mainly to treat acne, sun-damaged skin, and fine wrinkles. Tretinoin is able to speed up the life cycle of skin cells, stimulating collagen production, and neutralizing free radicals. It makes them divide and die faster, so newer, healthier cells can take their place. It is used to treat acne, evening skin tone, and texture, helping to fade hyperpigmentation, reduce fine lines and wrinkles, and soften rough patches.

The water-retaining property of the skin largely comes from a group of substances known as natural moistening factors (NMFs), one of them is urea. At lower concentrations, urea is a humectant, it keeps the skin moist by drawing water from the deeper layers of the skin and the air. It is widely used in a variety of body products, including body washes, lotions and creams to target general skin dryness or medical conditions associated with dryness or itchiness such as eczema. At higher concentrations, urea acts as a keratolytic agent. It helps to exfoliate the skin by breaking down the protein keratin in the outer layer of the skin. This action can help reduce old skin buildup and get rid of flaking or scaling skin. It is particularly helpful in softening and moisturizing thick, rough or callused skin found on the feet, knees and elbows. It can also be used in higher concentrations to help treat nail fungus and soften thick nails.

Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that comes from a class of compounds called retinoids. It is known for its skin restorative benefits and works by accelerating exfoliation, production of new skin cells, reducing fine lines and wrinkles, acne scarring, and encourages moisture retention.

Vitamin C is an antioxidant that plays a vital role in skin health. It is most effective in its stable form and has the ability to protect the skin from external damage such as free radicals, sun damage and environmental pollution. Commonly known as ascorbic acid, vitamin C is naturally occurring in both the surface and deeper layers of your skin, and when topically applied, vitamin C delivers a variety of anti-aging benefits. It also helps to brighten, boost collagen, fade hyperpigmentation, and most importantly, prevents fine lines and wrinkles. Vitamin C is very reactive and easily loses its antioxidant properties when exposed to heat, light, air, and other chemicals. This reaction alters the chemical makeup of vitamin C. To prevent it from oxidizing and deactivating, use vitamin C products that come in air-tight, opaque packages and store it in a cool, dark environment. If your product has turned brown replace it with a new bottle, as this change in color indicates that the formula has oxidized and is no longer effective.

It is one of those important antioxidants for the proper function of many body organs, including the skin. It is well known for its ability to accelerate the skin’s healing process. Vitamin E helps to improve the skin’s strength, condition, and elasticity, helping to reduce the appearance of stretch marks and scarring. As an antioxidant, it can also help to maintain skin health by fighting damage caused by free radicals.

Witch hazel is naturally produced from the bark and leaves of the North American witch hazel plant. It works well on oily skin, due to its anti-inflammatory and astringent properties, preventing future blemishes and breakouts. It is also widely known for its soothing and antioxidant benefits but should be used with caution as it is distilled using alcohol, the ingredient can cause irritation to sensitive skin types.

Xanthan gum, also known as corn starch gum, is a polysaccharide that appears as a white powder. It is a naturally-derived ingredient mainly used for formulation purposes. It acts as a stabilizing, thickening, and binding agent, to prevent products from separating in skincare and cosmetics. It creates a creamy texture that is often used in moisturizers, lotions, facial cleansers, body washes, and foundation. It creates a gel-like texture and is also used as a carrier agent and allows for a smooth, even application when used cosmetically. Xantham gum is usually good for all skin types and does not cause any irritation or sensitivity, but it is possible to have an allergy to it. The potential for allergy comes from the fact that xanthan gum is derived using corn, wheat, dairy, and soy. Therefore, it is safe to use on all skin types, including sensitive skin, except for those with identified allergies to either xanthan gum or the type of grain that it is derived from. Xanthan gum, also known as corn starch gum, is a polysaccharide which appears as a white powder. It is a naturally-derived ingredient mainly used for formulation purposes. It acts as a stabilizing, thickening, and binding agent, to prevent products from separating in skincare and cosmetics. It creates a creamy texture that is often used in moisturizers, lotions, facial cleansers, body washes, and foundation. It creates a gel-like texture and is also used as a carrier agent and allows for a smooth, even application when used cosmetically. Xantham gum is usually good for all skin types, and does not cause any irritation or sensitivity, but it is possible to have an allergy to it. The potential for allergy comes from the fact that xanthan gum is derived using corn, wheat, dairy, and soy. Therefore, it is safe to use on all skin types, including sensitive skin, except for those with identified allergies to either xanthan gum or the type of grain that it is derived from.

Yeast is a microscopic fungus, rich in a mixture of flavonoids, sugars, vitamins, and amino acids. This unique derivative of fungi also contains a high concentration of antioxidants. It is capable of neutralizing damaging free-radicals that are present in the environment to maintain the skin’s overall quality and appearance. Yeast extract has also shown abilities to boost moisturize-retention and improve overall hydration, making it a good ingredient to infuse into lotions and creams. It is gluten-free and is very well tolerated by the skin. Yeast extract helps to reduce the amount of oxidative stress that occurs on the skin, inducing a calming effect that can help soothe and alleviate problematic skin. They are less likely to be recognised as foreign substances due to their protein chemistry, which is similar to human skin. This makes an allergic reaction less likely. They also improve overall hydration and can better equip the skin with natural protective qualities to promote overall health of the skin.

Zinc oxide is a non-soluble, natural pigmented mineral. When mixed with a carrier agent like a lotion or cream, it provides the broadest protection from the sun. This ingredient is often used in sunscreens as it creates a natural barrier that prevents UVA and UVB rays from damaging skin cells. It works by reflecting the sun's rays, which prevents potentially damaging ultraviolet radiation from getting to the skin. Zinc oxide is commonly found as an active ingredient in physical sunscreens.